Charles M. Biles, Ph.D.
Congressional Apportionment
Constitutional Congregressional Apportionment Problem
How many seats in the U. S. House of Representatives does each state get?
An answer is presented as an historical narrative with relevant and timely applications in a book, The History of Congressional Apportionment, Second Edition, 2021. Available as a free download from The History of Congressional Apportionment | The Press at Cal Poly Humboldt .
Chapter 1. Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census: 1790.
Chapter 2. Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census: 1800-1840.
Chapter 3. Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census: 1850-1890.
Chapter 4. Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census: 1900-1930.
Chapter 5. Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census: 1940-2020.
Chapter 6. An Historical Overture.
Second Edition
2021
First Edition published 2017.
The History of Congressional Apportionment
Fourth Printing (4 August 2019)
Third Printing (27 July 2019)
Second Printing (13 November 2017)
Errata and Updates for First Printing
Last update: 13 November 2017.
Cover insprired by a graphic courtesy of
… no political problem is less susceptible of a precise solution than that which relates to the number most convenient for a representative legislature, …
James Madison
The Federalist 55
